Based on the findings of the study by Smith and Wheeldon (1999), it would take longer to begin to utter

a. "The girl fed the little dog with brown spots" than "The little girl with red hair fed the dog."
b. "The little girl with red hair fed the dog" than "The girl fed the little dog with brown spots."
c. "The girl fed the little dog with brown spots" than "The boy and the girl fed the dog."
d. "The girl fed the little dog with brown spots" than "The girl fed the cat and the dog."