An important consideration of opioid prescribing and monitoiring is to use lowest effective dose of opioids for the shortest possible duration and avoid opioid use in pregnancy, during lactation, in the elderly and in patients with organ dysfunction. If prescribing opioids is still indicated, which of the following strategies can mitigate some of the unintended drug reactions related to opioid use?

a. Considering opioid rotations
b. Use of < 50 MME of any opioid per 24h period
c. Bowel regimen and physical activity
d. All of the above strategies should be considered