2. ----- Which of the following is false?
a. religion was a source of cultural unity and social stability in India and western Europe after the collapse of imperial authority
b. the use of land grants in post-Gupta India, much like fiefs in Europe, helped maintain social order and mobilize agricultural production
c. Neo-Confucianism, unlike Buddhism, taught that spiritual fulfillment is achieved through self-improvement and participation in material life
d. Chinese merchants’ social status ranked below that of scholar-bureaucrats
e. landed estates in medieval Europe were worked by unfree serfs who had no rights