Charging by conduction requires contact between two objects. Charge is
transferred directly from one object onto the other. Charging by
induction is done without contact and solely by causing charges to move
about in one object by the electric and magnetic fields produced in the
other object.
Charges are always repelled by the same charge and attracted to the
opposite. If you have a positively charged rod then it will attract
negative charges to the closest point on the other rod. If you provide
that rod with a ready source of charge such as your hand then it will
become overall negatively charged. Take away your hand and it will
remain negatively charged even after the positive rod is removed because
the charge can't get away. This is inductive charging at its simplest.
If you had touched the positively charged rod to the other rod then
charge would have flowed and it would have gained a positive charge by
conduction.