Following the mendelian and non-mendelian inheritance pattern, we might say that 1:c / 2: e / 3: a / 4: a / 5: d / 6: a / 7:d / 8: d / 9: c / 10: b / 11:e / 12: e /13: c.
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1. _intermediate expression (option c)_.
This is an example of incomplete dominance.
- In incomplete dominance cases, neither of the involved alleles completely dominates over the other one.
- Heter0zyg0us descendents possess an intermediate phenotype between the two parental phenotypes.
- The progeny is different from both the dominant and recessive h0m0zyg0us parental and expresses as a mixture of both of the progenitors.
2. _h0m0zyg0us (option e)_
Independently of being dominant or recessive, if both alleles of a gene are the same, then the genotype is h0m0zyg0us -dominant or recessive-.
3. _principle of independent assortment (option a)_.
- Independent assortment occurs when the alleles from two or more different genes distribute in gametes independently from each other.
- In other words, a gamete receives an allele from a gene that does not depend on nor influence the allele of another gene in the same gamete.
- This is only the case of independent genes.
- An organism gets only one of the members of the chromatids pair of each parent.
4._heter0zyg0us (option a)_
Unlike before, if the alternative forms of a gene are different from each other and together, one of them being dominant and the other one recessive, we are talking about a heter0zyg0us genotype.
5. _polygenic trait (option d)_.
Polygenic heritability occurs when a trait is due to the action of multiple genes that can also have more than two alleles. This can cause many different combinations that are the reason for genotypic graduation.
6. _incomplete penetrance (option a)_.
- Penetrance is the probability that a person who has a specific mutation -genotype- that causes a genetic disease expresses the characteristics of that disease -phenotype-.
- People with complete penetrance completely show the characteristics of the disease.
- But people with incomplete penetrance might or might not express the characteristics of the disease.
7. _probability (option d)_
- Statistically, every time a cross occurs between two individuals, there is a chance or a probability of getting offspring with certain phenotype and genotype.
- These probabilities depend on the genotypes expressed by the parental generation.
8. _multiple-allele series (option d)_
As said before, polygenic heritability occurs when a trait is due to the action of multiple genes that can also have more than two alleles. This can cause many different combinations that are the reason for genotypic graduation
9. _genetic engineering (option c)_
- Genetic engineering refers to the process of manipulation of DNA or other nuclec acids.
- Researchers use recombinant DNA to add the desired genes into a molecule under treatment, causing a modification in the genetic material.
10. _codons (option b)_
- A codon is a three-nucleotidic short sequence that keeps the genetic information for the aminoacids' assembly during protein synthesis.
- DNA and mRNA have codons in their sequences. tRNA has anticodons that pair mRNA codons.
11._
polygenic (option e)_.
- Eye color follows a polygenic inheritance -non-mendelian pattern-
- When the expression of a phenotypic trait depends on the additive effect of a series of genes, we talk about quantitative heritability.
- When more than one gene interacts with each other, polygenic heritability occurs. These genes can also have more than two alleles.
- Many genes and alleles acting together can cause many different combinations that are the reason for genotypic graduation.
12. __regulating (option e)_ gene.
Regulating genes are those that control different cell activities or processes by modulating the activity of other genes, specifically genes that code for proteins.
13. _phenotype (option c)_.
- Phenotype is the expression of genes or the result of the interaction of many genes.
- It depends on the inheritance pattern.
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