With sympatric speciation a physical barrier arises and separates two populations ending gene flow between them.

During the process of cell division, spontaneous changes within the genome can arise, called mutations. These are errors occur when copies of the DNA within the cell are made; mutations may range from small changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms, to large scale deletions, and additions which span multiple genes.

These mutations form variants which become stable within a population, leading to the formation of separate, genetically distinct populations called species. New species arise through several evolutionary mechanisms such as:

allopatric speciation- physical barriers to gene flow ; isolation of groups which evolve separately in their environments by accruing suitable traits, to become a new species
peripatric speciation- similar to allopatric speciation, but one group is much smaller, making the unique traits more notable, or distinct
parapatric speciation- subpopulations in a large geographic region evolve reproductive isolation by mating with those nearby, however they continue to undergo gene exchange along a common border region
and sympatric speciation- absence of physical barriers which hinder gene flow; reproductive isolation arise through many forms of the same genes called polymorphisms

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