d. all of the above
Explanation:
- Cabaret Voltaire, the birthplace of the Dada movement, opened on February 5, 1916.
- Hugo Ball, like many other artists and intellectuals, found a safe place in neutral Switzerland, in the city of Zurich, in the midst of World War I.
- With his surrealistic manifesto, Hugo Ball launched a movement characterized by absurdity, rejection of rules, opposition to the ideals of the art at the time, and a rebellion against the social turmoil that took place because of World War I.
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