can someone please help me solve all these questions!! URGENT!

I don't have the time to sort them out for you, sadly, but, I can provide you with some steps for each.
1) That can only be solved with the Pythagorean theorem :
[tex]x {}^{2} = 8 {}^{2} + 15 {}^{2} [/tex]
2) That also looks like it can be simplified with the Pythagorean theorem.
3) The unknown side with the "\" on it is equal to
[tex]8 \sqrt{2} [/tex]
then it can be simplified massively with the Pythagorean theorem.
4) Since that triangle's total is 180°, and since we know that one side is 90°, the other two (assuming they're equal) have to be 45°, respectively. Knowing that you can find
[tex] \sin(45) [/tex]
then, all you have to do is find x (see below for more details)
5) to find x, you can first find
[tex] \cos(60) [/tex]
and then find x: (done similarly with triangle 4)
[tex] \cos(60) = \frac{x}{ 4\sqrt{3}} [/tex]
Just gonna leave the rest for you. Have a nice day!