Answer:
.3. the borrower benefits from inflation, while the lender loses from inflation.
Explanation:
Expected inflation rate = Nominal interest rate - Real interest rate
15% - 5% = 10%
So the percentage of expected inflation inherent in the interest rate is 10%.
Both parties expect inflation rate to be 10% but inflation rate is 12%.
This means that the borrower has paid less. The value of money the lender would be receiving the following year would be less than value of money in the following year due to the higher inflation rate than anticipated. Therefore the borrower gains and the lender losses.
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