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1265
Simon de Montfort summons burgesses from large cities to Parliament for the first time, challenging the king's authority in a manner similar to the way the barons challenged King John with the Magna Carta in 1215.
Henry III's son, Prince Edward, defeats and kills Simon de Montfort at the battle of Evesham.
Clement IV becomes Pope. He holds the Papal See until 1268.
Birth of Dante. He dies 1321.
1268
Muslims from Egypt capture Antioch, held by the Christians.
Clement IV dies. The papacy remains vacant for three years as no candidate can be agreed upon.
1270
King Louis IX of France dies of plague while on Crusade. His death leads quickly to the end of the Seventh Crusade.
c. 1270 Jean de Meun finishes Guillaume de Lorris's earlier, incomplete work, Roman de la Rose.
1271
Marco Polo sets off with his father and uncle to visit the court of Kublai Khan--it is a twenty-four year trip.
After a three-year gap without a pope, Gregory X ascends the Papal See until 1276.
1272 Edward I becomes King of England. He rules until 1307.
1273 Rudolf I becomes Holy Roman Emperor, ending a period of warfare and lawlessness that had lasted nineteen years while no individual could hold the crown. He rules until 1291.
1274
The first Mongol invasion of Japan under Kublai Khan's rule. In spite of heavy losses among the Japanese, the Mongols fail to achieve a permanent foothold. They make plans for a second invasion, which comes about in 1281.
Saint Thomas Aquinas dies.
Pope Gregory X calls the Synod of Lyons. The pope recommends that conclaves should be kept secret to avoid corruption.
1275 Marco Polo enters the service of Kublai Khan.
1276 Rapid succession of short-lived popes claim the Papal See. Innocent V rules five months. Adrian V rules five weeks. Pope John XXI rules eight months. In each case, the pope dies shortly after taking office.
1277 English Franciscan monk and philosopher Roger Bacon exiled for heresy.
1278 Rudolf I defeats and kills Ottokar of Bohemia at the battle of Marchfeld.
1279 Rudolf I surrenders his long-lasting claims to Sicily and the Papal States.
1280 Death of Albertus Magnus, German alchemist and philosopher.
1281
A second Mongol invasion ends in naval disaster when a hurricane hits the fleet en route to Japan. The Japanese refer to this storm as Kami Kazi ("divine wind").
Martin IV becomes pope, ruling the papal see until 1285.
1283 Edward I defeats and kills Llewellyn Pen Cymru, prince of Wales, and he executes Llewellyn's brother Dyfed (David). His conquest of Wales is complete.
1285
Philip IV, known as Il Bel ("the Fair"), becomes King of France. He rules until 1314.
Pope Honorius IX rules the papal see until 1287.
1286 Alexander III, king of Scotland dies. The throne descends to his infant granddaughter, Margaret, the Maid of Norway.
1288 Pope Nicholas IV ascends the papal see.
1289 Friar John of Montecorvino (Mount Crow) becomes the first archbishop of Beijing.
1290
Margaret, the Maid of Norway, queen of Scotland, dies. 13 Scottish warlords each attempt to claim the throne, leading to violent struggles.
Turkish leader Firuz in Delhi founds the Khalji Dynasty.
1291 Muslim armies capture Acre, the last Christian holdings in Palestine. This marks the end of successful crusades. Scots acknowledge English king as suzerain (Edward I). He oversees process of succession to the Scottish throne.
1292
John Balliol becomes Edward I's puppet-king, ruling Scotland and collaborating with England..
Adolf, Count of Nassau, becomes Holy Roman Emperor. He rules until 1298.
Roger Bacon's sentence of exile revoked.
1294
Boniface VIII becomes the next pope--famous for his skill as a lawyer, diplomat, and a sorcerer in medieval legend. He sits on the papal see until 1303.
Dante writes the Vita Nuova.
1295
"Model Parliament" of Edward I: knights and burgesses from English shires and towns summoned to participate in government decisions. It is the first representative parliament--or at least the first to acknowledge male bourgeois citizens and give them some official say in their government.
Ch'eng Tsung, grandson of Kublai Khan, rules as Emperor of China until 1307.
1296
Edward I of England deposes John Balliol from the Scottish throne.
Interregnum in Scotland until 1306
1297 Scottish rebel William Wallace leads ragtag band of Scottish clans to victory against the English at the Battle of Cambuskenneth, temporarily establishing independence of Scotland.
1298
Edward I defeats William Wallace at the battle of Falkirk. He proceeds to (re)conquer Scotland for English rule.
Albert I ascends throne of the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Holy Roman Emperor Adolf at the battle of Göllheim.
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