1 and 3, the answer would be the Fall of Constantinople. This was the imprisonment of the center of the Byzantine Empire by an attacking military of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans were ordered by the Ottoman Sultan, who beaten an armed forces ordered by Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos. The defeat of Constantinople shadowed a 53-day blockade that had initiated on 6 April 1453.
2. The answer would be Hundred Years of War. This War was a sequence of battles conducted from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, sovereigns of the Kingdom of England, counter to the House of Valois, sovereigns of the Kingdom of France, over the train to the French seat.
