All of the Above.
The Enlightenment was a period where men had began to think scientifically, challenge religion and monarchy.
From the web:
The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries.
