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Answer:
Mitosis refers to the division of a cell's nucleus into two. Cytokinesis refers to the further division of the cytoplasm of the cell, forming two daughter cells.
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Explanation:
The Mitosis Phases
Mitosis itself is the division of the nuclei into daughter nuclei. It includes five phases of its own.
Prophase: Here, chromosomes become more condensed in the nucleus, and the nuclear membrane dissolves. The mitotic spindle forms from the centrioles, which have split and moved to opposite poles (sides) of the cell. This spindle is made of proteins in the form of microtubules.
Prometaphase: In this step, the chromosomes migrate toward the center of the cell. They are propelled by the mitotic spindle apparatus attached at the centromeres that joins sister chromatids. They begin to approach a line perpendicular to the direction they are moving, through their centromeres, called the metaphase plate.
Metaphase: In this step, chromatids align precisely along the metaphase plate via their centromeres, with one sister chromatid on each side of the metaphase plate.
Anaphase: In this step, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, releasing from each other at the centromere. The spindle fibers, again, are responsible for this motion.
Telophase: In this step, daughter nuclear membranes form around the newly formed daughter nuclei. At this point, chromatids are unpaired, as this generation's chromosome replication has yet to start. This is because cell division is not quite complete.
Cytokinesis
To define cytokinesis as a stand-alone phase, the difference between telophase and cytokinesis is best imagined by thinking of telophase ending the instant both daughter nuclear membranes are completely formed. Cytokinesis starts with a "pinching inward" from the top and the bottom of the cell, with one daughter nucleus on each side.
This "pinching" results from the formation of a protein structure called the contractile ring, which runs around the widest part of the cell under the membrane. When this shrinks inward, it pulls the membrane tighter along with it until the cell halves are completely separated by the now-finished "pinch."
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