The untreated groups that provide the basis for comparison in experiments are called controls.
In experiments, control groups are groups that are not treated with independent variables.
Control groups are treated the same way as every other experimental group, except that they are not treated with independent variables.
Thus, they provide a basis for comparison in order to ascertain the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
The independent variables are usually supplied by the experimenter and can be manipulated to produce variable effects. It is often known as the 'cause' variable. The dependent variable is the effect variable.
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