The philosophical approach to understanding a complex system by reducing it to its working parts is called Reductionism
This is further explained below.
Generally, Any one of numerous related philosophical theories about the relationships between phenomena, each of which may be defined in terms of other, simpler, or more basic phenomena, is referred to as reductionism.
It is also referred to as an intellectual and philosophical perspective that views an intricate system as an interpretation of the sum of its components.
In conclusion, It is called reductionism, and it refers to a philosophical approach to comprehending complicated systems by breaking them down into their component pieces.
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