Individuals form groups. Populations form species. Multiple species and their interactions form communities. Including abiotic factors, multiple species, and their interactions in an ecosystem. This is the ecological hierarchy.
Species interactions within ecological webs include four main types of bidirectional interaction mutualism commensalism competition, and predation including herbivory and parasitism. Because of the many connections between species within food webs changes in one species can be widespread.
Various population groups come together to form communities. Communities form ecosystems with the inanimate objects around them. All ecosystems on Earth make up the biosphere. You may have heard terms such as biosphere and ecosystem in previous classes. A community is the biological part of an ecosystem. It consists of all populations of all species living and interacting in the ecosystem.
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