Sodium and potassium are ions. Charged molecules, such as ions, are not able to diffuse through a phospholipid bilayer regardless of size.
Small uncharged polar molecules like as H2O can diffuse through membranes, but larger uncharged polar molecules like glucose cannot. Charged molecules like ions, are unable to diffuse through a phospholipid bilayer irrespective of size. H+ ions also cannot cross a lipid bilayer by free diffusion.
Proteins will not be able to pass through plasma membranes because they are too big. Plasma membranes are semi-permeable and also selective in the molecules that it will let pass through.
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