If oxygen is not available in the cytosol for aerobic glycolysis, lactate accumulates as a byproduct.
NAD⁺ is formed from NADH by reducing pyruvate to lactate when there is insufficient oxygen in the muscle cells for continued oxidation of pyruvate and NADH produced in glycolysis. The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase transforms lactate into pyruvate. All cells use the fundamental metabolic pathway known as glycolysis to oxidize glucose and produce ATP which is used as energy, as well as intermediates that can be used in other metabolic pathways. Along with glucose, the glycolytic pathway for catabolism also uses additional hexose carbohydrates like fructose and galactose. The word "aerobic glycolysis" refers to a sequence of events in which oxygen is necessary for the reoxidation of NADH to NAD+. A molecule of glucose and two molecules of pyruvate are the end products of aerobic glycolysis.
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