The correct answer is cultural bias. A cultural bias is a tendency to interpret a word or action according to culturally derived meaning assigned to it.
Cultural variance, which is covered later in this chapter, is the source of cultural bias. For instance, in certain cultures, smiling is regarded as a very private expression of joy that is only shared with close friends and family. When members of a culture assume certain things about cultural norms, such as language, notation, and proof and evidence norms, this is known as cultural bias. Then they are charged with mistaking these presumptions for natural or logical laws. Usage of idiomatic language, construct bias, and use of context specific to one culture group are a few examples of cultural bias in testing. When one group's test results are reliably lower than those of other test-takers, cultural bias is evident.
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