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The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly waged by Britain and France with the support of the United States and Russia from October 1856 to October 1860. Its purpose was to further open the Chinese market and expand the aggressive interests of Britain and France in China. The war was called "The Arrow War" by the British because the British and the French used the Yarrow Incident and the Mashin Fu Incident as pretexts to launch the war respectively. It was also called "Anglo-French expedition to China" or "Second Anglo-Chinese War". It is also known as the Second Opium War because it could be seen as a continuation and expansion of the First Opium War (the two wars had the same essential purpose).
In 1860, when the British and French forces invaded Beijing and the Qing Emperor fled to Chengde, the British and French forces broke into the Yuanmingyuan, looted the jewels and burned it down. During the war, Tsarist Russia became the biggest winner by "mediating" and coercing the Qing government to cede more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory. The war ended when the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Peking.
The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aigun, the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing, and the aggression of the Great Powers intensified. China lost more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest, and after the war the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule. Foreign aggression expanded to the coastal provinces and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
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