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Structural systems in architecture are the fundamental elements that determine the shape and form of a building, and they provide the structural integrity necessary to support the building's weight and loads placed upon it. These systems are often divided into two categories: light-frame construction and heavy-frame construction. Light-frame construction is any system that uses light-weight materials such as wood or steel, whereas heavy-frame construction is any system that uses heavy-weight materials such as concrete or masonry.
Load-bearing Construction
Load-bearing construction is one of the most common structural systems in architecture. It is a form of construction that incorporates beams and columns into the design of the building. The beams are used to support the weight of the ceiling and load-bearing walls, while the columns are used to support the weight of the beams. The materials used in load-bearing construction include concrete, steel, and wood, and the techniques used in this type of construction include framing and sheathing. The reason for the development of load-bearing construction was to provide a sturdy and stable support system that could withstand heavy loads and weight without collapsing.
Post and Lintel Construction
Post and lintel construction is an ancient method of construction that uses wooden or stone posts and lintel beams to support the ceiling. The lintel beams are supported by the posts and are used to carry the loads to the ground. This method of construction is primarily used in low-rise buildings and is a common construction method in ancient civilizations. The materials used in this system include wood, stone, and sometimes clay, and the techniques used include joinery and masonry. The reason for the development of this system was to provide a simple and effective way to support a building without the need for advanced construction techniques.
Round Arch and Vault
Rounded arches and vaults are used to support the weight of a ceiling or roof in architecture. The arch is a curved structure with a circular shape that provides vertical and horizontal support to the roof or ceiling. The arch is usually made of stone, brick, or concrete and is able to support heavy loads due to its structural stability. The arch was first developed in ancient civilizations such as Ancient Rome and Greece, and continues to be used in modern architecture.
Pointed Arch and Vault
Pointed arches and vaults are similar to rounded arches and vaults, but instead of being circular, they are pointed and usually made of stone, brick or concrete. The pointed arch was first used in medieval architectural styles and provides a more rigid structure than rounded arches. The pointed arch allows for greater weight distribution and structural strength, making it easier to construct large doorways or windows.
Dome
Domes are circular or lobed shaped structures with a curved roof, supported by a central hub or piers. They were first developed in the Roman empire and are considered one of the most influential structures in architecture. Domes are considered one of the most complex architectural structures, and require advanced structural and engineering techniques to construct. The materials used in this structural system include concrete, steel, and reinforced concrete. The dome was developed to improve the structural integrity of buildings by allowing them to support heavy loads.
In conclusion, structural systems are an essential part of architecture that provide the fundamental support necessary to build structures. The five basic structural systems discussed, Load-bearing Construction, Post and Lintel Construction, Round Arch and Vault, Pointed Arch or Vault, and Dome, have each been developed over time and continue to be widely used in contemporary architecture. Each structural system has its own unique characteristics, materials, techniques, and reasons for development, and allows architects to create structures that are both functional and beautiful.
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