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ardni313

Effective nuclear charge by 2p = 13.35

Effective nuclear charge by 3p = 6.1

Further explanation

The effective nuclear charge is the nuclear charge which is influenced by the shielding effect of electrons

The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) can be formulated as:

[tex]\large{\boxed{\bold{Z_{eff}\:=\:Z\:-\:S}}}[/tex]

with

Z = nuclear charge = atomic number

S = shield constant

Shielding constants are constants that are generated from the core attraction of electrons in the inner skin

Rules for calculating shield constants

  • 1. Electrons in orbitals are grouped according to skin

/ 1s / 2s, 2p / 3s, 3p / 3d / 4s, 4p / 4d / 4f / 5s, 5p / 5d / 5f /

  • 2. Electrons to the right of the electron studied by shield constants = 0
  • 3. The electron to the left of the electron is studied by its shield constant:

* Electrons in the same shell shielding effects = 0.35

* Electrons in the skin have deeper shielding effects = 0.85

* Electrons in the skin are deeper than shielding effects = 1.00

On Cl atom which have electron configurations:

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵

  • 1. if we view the initial charge at 2p then the configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶

the electron to the right of 2p does not have a shielding effect

so the shield constant:

S = 0.35. 8 + 0.85.1

S = 3.65

Zeff = Z - S

Zeff = 17 - 3.65 = 13.35

  • 2. if we view the initial charge at 3p then the configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵

because 3p⁵ then only 4 electrons are counted so there are 2 + 4 = 6 electrons in the skin 3

so the shield constant:

S = 0.35 x 6 + 0.85 x 8 + 1 x 2

S = 10.9

Zeff = 17-10.9 = 6.1

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The effective nuclear charge can be calculated from Slater's rules.

According to Slater's rule, the effective nuclear charge is obtained from;

Zeff = Z - S

Zeff = effective nuclear charge

Z = nuclear charge

S = screening

Note that;

  • Electrons in ns and np orbitals have S = 0.35
  • Electrons in the penultimate shell (n - 1) has S = 0.85
  • Electrons in (n - 2) shell has S = 1.00

For a 2p chlorine electron;

Chlorine has electron configuration, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

S = 7(0.35) + 2(0.85) = 2.45 + 1.7 = 4.15

The total nuclear charge of chlorine Z = 17

Zeff = 17 - 4.15

Zeff = 12.85

For the 3p electron;

S = 6(0.35) + 8(0.85) + 2(1.00)

S = 2.1 + 6.8 + 2 = 10.9

Zeff = 17 - 10.9

Zeff = 6.1

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