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A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by atp. such atp-powered pumps are often called atpases, although they do not often hydrolyze atp unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using atp-powered calcium pumps. for example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr). if a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the sr is 10-2, then how is the atpase acting?

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gorter and grendel more rigid protein fluid phospholipids phospholipids and proteins hydrophobic weakest fluid more drops laterally increasing unsaturated amphipathic hydrophobic integral proteins kink(s) adjacent transmembrane cell to cell recognition cell to cell recognition (much) higher transmembrane protein peripheral proteins natural selection weak hydrophobic small (and) hydrophobic specificity molecule diffusion co2 isotonic hypotoniccotransport cotransport facilitated diffusion isotonic higher a b decrease lower decrease catabolismconsume build up created destroyed energy environment growing increase decrease entropy of the universe the universe

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