Which of the following events motivated China to launch its Self-Strengthening Movement in the 19th century?
a. Its inability to control its population of serfs
b. Its economic failures under communism
c. Its defeat in wars against Europeans
d. Its devotion to laissez-faire economics
It was primarily "c. Its defeat in wars against Europeans" that motivated China to launch its Self-Strengthening Movement in the 19th century, since the Chinese believed that these military defeats had to do with structural issues within the regime.
