“Crouched over the coal chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate. I once tried to do the work a twelve-year old boy was doing day after day, for ten hours at a stretch, for sixty cents a day. The gloom appalled me.”
- John Spargo

What development did the conditions described in this quotation lead to?

A migration from the countryside to cities


Passage of child labor laws


Ideas of the Enlightenment


Spread of imperialism to Africa