1) Plates separate and new seabed is created. 2) Plates collide, obduction occurs, and inland mountain chains are created. 3) Plates collide, subduction occurs, and mountain volcanic chains are created. 4) Plates collide, subduction occurs, and volcanic arcs are created. 5) Plates slide, no material is created, and displacements occur.
What are the three types of boundaries?
I. Divergent
New crust is created by the rising molten materials coming from the mantle.
Two plates separate, and the stream of hot material creates a new seabed between them. It occurs in an expansion of the sea bottom.
As old plates get separated, the new and young crust instantaneously gets formed. The emerging mantle occupies the space left by the separation of the two plates.
This process occurs along with an underwater mountain range, known as the mid-oceanic ridge or divergent ridge.
An example of this is the ridge located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, extending from Greenlander to the southernmost point of South America.
II. Convergent.
When two plates move forward to each other, they end up colliding and causing the deformation of one or both plates.
Three possible collisions might occur,
- Two oceanic plates might collide ⇒ subduction
The thickest plate subduces and causes a deformation on the other plate edge, creating an oceanic trench.
Hot magma rises to the surface by these trenches and creates volcanoes on the superior plate. These volcanoes can be underwater or can emerge from the ocean surface, forming island arcs or an insular volcanic arc.
Japanese islands and the Philippines are examples.
- Two continental plates might collide ⇒ obduction
Both plates are too light to subduce (equally dense), so neither of them sinks under the other one.
Occurs a vertical deformation on both plates' edges, which remain attached by a suture area. The result is an inland mountain chain formation.
The highest mountains on the Earth were created by this process. Examples of these are Alpes, Urales, and Himalayan mountains.
- Oceanic plate and continental plates collide ⇒ Subduction
The oceanic crust sinks under the continental plate, and magma rises to the surface by crevices. The result is the formation of mountain chains or volvanic chains due to the deformation caused on the continental plate edge.
The Himalayas and Los Andes are examples of these collisions. Also, collisions create volcanic arches and continental arches.
III. Transforming.
The plates slide laterally with each other, and they are usually called faults.
It is associated, in general, with the oceanic ridge, although it might also occur on the continental plate.
No rocky material is either destroyed or formed. When the plates move and produce a displacement of one transforming limits from side to side, earthquakes occur.
The movement breaks the crust and originates pronounced fractures.
The San Andrés fault is an example of these plate ridges.
1. Divergent Boundary
Plates separate and new seabed is created.
2. Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary
Plates collide, obduction occurs, and inland mountain chains are created.
3. Continental-Oceanic Convergent Boundary
Plates collide, subduction occurs, and mountain volcanic chains are created.
4. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary
Plates collide, subduction occurs, and volcanic arcs are created.
5. Transform Fault Boundary
Plates slide, no material is created or destroied, and displacements occur.
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